Miri
看到这里,大家是不是暗中松了口气?unsafe 不过如此嘛,不知道为何其它人都谈之色变。
怎么说呢?你以为的编译器已经不是以前的编译器了,它不报错不代表没有错误。包括测试用例也是,正常地运行不能意味着代码没有任何错误。
在周星驰电影功夫中,还有一个奇怪大叔 10 元一本主动上门卖如来神掌,那么有没有 10 元一本的 Rust 秘笈呢?( 喂,Rust语言圣经都免费让你读了,有了摩托车,还要什么拖拉机... 哈哈,开个玩笑 )
有的,奇怪大叔正在赶来,他告诉我们先来安装一个命令:
rustup +nightly-2022-01-21 component add miri
info: syncing channel updates for 'nightly-2022-01-21-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc'
info: latest update on 2022-01-21, rust version 1.60.0-nightly (777bb86bc 2022-01-20)
info: downloading component 'cargo'
info: downloading component 'clippy'
info: downloading component 'rust-docs'
info: downloading component 'rust-std'
info: downloading component 'rustc'
info: downloading component 'rustfmt'
info: installing component 'cargo'
info: installing component 'clippy'
info: installing component 'rust-docs'
info: installing component 'rust-std'
info: installing component 'rustc'
info: installing component 'rustfmt'
info: downloading component 'miri'
info: installing component 'miri'
等等,你在我电脑上装了什么奇怪的东西?! "好东西"
miri 目前只能在 nightly Rust 上安装,
+nightly-2022-01-21
告诉rustup
我们想要安装的nightly
版本,事实上,你可以直接通过rustup +nightly component add miri
安装,这里指定版本主要因为miri
有时候会因为某些版本而出错。2022-01-21 是我所知的 miri 可以成功运行的版本,你可以检查这个网址获取更多信息
- 是一种临时性的规则运用,如果你不想每次都使用
+nightly-2022-01-21
,可以使用rustup override set
命令对当前项目的 Rust 版本进行覆盖
$ cargo +nightly-2022-01-21 miri test
I will run `"cargo.exe" "install" "xargo"` to install
a recent enough xargo. Proceed? [Y/n]
额,xargo
是什么东东?"不要担心,选择 y 就行,我像是会坑你的人吗?"
> y
Updating crates.io index
Installing xargo v0.3.24
...
Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 10.65s
Installing C:\Users\ninte\.cargo\bin\xargo-check.exe
Installing C:\Users\ninte\.cargo\bin\xargo.exe
Installed package `xargo v0.3.24` (executables `xargo-check.exe`, `xargo.exe`)
I will run `"rustup" "component" "add" "rust-src"` to install
the `rust-src` component for the selected toolchain. Proceed? [Y/n]
额? "不要怕,多给你一份 Rust 源代码,不开心嘛?"
> y
info: downloading component 'rust-src'
info: installing component 'rust-src'
"看吧,我就说我不会骗你的,不相信我,等着错误砸脸吧!" 真是一个奇怪的大叔...
Compiling lists v0.1.0 (C:\Users\ninte\dev\tmp\lists)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.25s
Running unittests (lists-5cc11d9ee5c3e924.exe)
error: Undefined Behavior: trying to reborrow for Unique at alloc84055,
but parent tag <209678> does not have an appropriate item in
the borrow stack
--> \lib\rustlib\src\rust\library\core\src\option.rs:846:18
|
846 | Some(x) => Some(f(x)),
| ^ trying to reborrow for Unique at alloc84055,
| but parent tag <209678> does not have an
| appropriate item in the borrow stack
|
= help: this indicates a potential bug in the program:
it performed an invalid operation, but the rules it
violated are still experimental
= help: see https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md
for further information
= note: inside `std::option::Option::<std::boxed::Box<fifth::Node<i32>>>::map::<i32, [closure@src\fifth.rs:31:30: 40:10]>` at \lib\rustlib\src\rust\library\core\src\option.rs:846:18
note: inside `fifth::List::<i32>::pop` at src\fifth.rs:31:9
--> src\fifth.rs:31:9
|
31 | / self.head.take().map(|head| {
32 | | let head = *head;
33 | | self.head = head.next;
34 | |
... |
39 | | head.elem
40 | | })
| |__________^
note: inside `fifth::test::basics` at src\fifth.rs:74:20
--> src\fifth.rs:74:20
|
74 | assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(1));
| ^^^^^^^^^^
note: inside closure at src\fifth.rs:62:5
--> src\fifth.rs:62:5
|
61 | #[test]
| ------- in this procedural macro expansion
62 | / fn basics() {
63 | | let mut list = List::new();
64 | |
65 | | // Check empty list behaves right
... |
96 | | assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
97 | | }
| |_____^
...
error: aborting due to previous error
咦还真有错误,大叔,这是什么错误?大叔?...奇怪的大叔默默离开了,留下我在风中凌乱。
果然不靠谱...还是得靠自己,首先得了解下何为 miri
。
miri
可以生成 Rust 的中间层表示 MIR,对于编译器来说,我们的 Rust 代码首先会被编译为 MIR ,然后再提交给 LLVM 进行处理。
可以通过 rustup component add miri
来安装它,并通过 cargo miri
来使用,同时还可以使用 cargo miri test
来运行测试代码。
miri
可以帮助我们检查常见的未定义行为(UB = Undefined Behavior),以下列出了一部分:
- 内存越界检查和内存释放后再使用(use-after-free)
- 使用未初始化的数据
- 数据竞争
- 内存对齐问题
UB 检测是必须的,因为它发生在运行时,因此很难发现,如果 miri
能在编译期检测出来,那自然是最好不过的。
总之,miri
的使用很简单:
$ cargo +nightly-2022-01-21 miri test
下面来看看具体的错误:
error: Undefined Behavior: trying to reborrow for Unique at alloc84055, but parent tag <209678> does not have an appropriate item in the borrow stack
--> \lib\rustlib\src\rust\library\core\src\option.rs:846:18
|
846 | Some(x) => Some(f(x)),
| ^ trying to reborrow for Unique at alloc84055,
| but parent tag <209678> does not have an
| appropriate item in the borrow stack
|
= help: this indicates a potential bug in the program: it
performed an invalid operation, but the rules it
violated are still experimental
= help: see
https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/blob/master/wip/stacked-borrows.md
for further information
嗯,只能看出是一个错误,其它完全看不懂了,例如什么是 borrow stack
?